Enzyme Experiment with Temperature Essay Example

Enzyme Experiment with Temperature Essay Example Enzyme Experiment with Temperature Paper Enzyme Experiment with Temperature Paper Enzymes are catalysts in the body that speed up the breakdown of food, and are essential in the digestive system. Although food can be broken down by molecules colliding with it, the process is speeded up greatly by enzymes, a type of catalyst. We know from previous knowledge that enzymes are proteins, and they require the presence of other compounds, or co factors, before their catalytic ability can be exerted. Enzymes can be used more that once and are replaced only after a period of time when they are denatured. They are all specific to certain foods, but some are more specific than others. The lock and key theory of enzymes is that each enzyme has a specific key shape, which will only fit into one sort of lock, or substrate. This is illustrated in the below diagram. We also know they are denatured by high temperatures, certain salts, solvents and other reagents, where they lose their lock and key shape, making them useless. Enzymes work by attaching themselves to a bond in the substance and breaking the bond between them. It is because of these reasons we chose to examine enzymes in this experiment. The enzyme we are using is trypsin, which breaks down amino acids in the body. Hypothesis I hypothesise that as the temperature is increased, the rate of reaction will increase. However, when higher temperatures are reached, enzyme reaction rate will drop rapidly as the enzymes are denatured. I have drawn out a hypothesis graph, which I believe will be what the final graph will look like approximately. I have also labelled a number of stages, and explained what will happen to them, as known from past experience and research. We know that even without enzymes in the solution, the rate of reaction would still increase, due to the kinetic theory. The higher the temperature, the more heat energy. Heat energy is converted into kinetic energy, making the water molecules move around more quickly, hence colliding more often with the substrate, helping break it down. We also know that if enzymes are present, when the temperature is higher, the substrate will move more quickly into the active site. At stage 1 on the graph, the rate of reaction increases at a similar rate to the temperature, that is, the increase is roughly proportional. At stage 2, the enzyme activity is at its peak, I believe around 40 degrees. At stage 3, the enzyme is becoming denatured from the high temperatures, and is losing its unique shape, which allows it to catalyse substances. At stage 4, the high temperatures have completely denatured the enzyme, making it ineffective as a catalyst. 20o Variables There are a number of different types of variable in this experiment. The independent variable in this test is the temperature. We ensured that this stayed exactly as we wanted it by checking the temperature before inserting the photographic film. This is the only variable we should be changing and have direct control of. The dependant variable is the result we want, that is, the rate of reaction. If we perform the experiment correctly, the only thing that should be affecting the dependant variable is the independent variable, the temperature. All other variables, such as pH and the size of the photographic film, should be kept constant to ensure a fair test. If we change the pH, the enzymes bonding will change and cause it to lose its active site. This would make the test unfair, so we added buffer to the solution to keep the pH constant. If the photographic film size was not constant, it would take longer for the enzymes to break down the gelatine on some of the film, while the experiments with smaller pieces of photographic film would be broken down faster. To ensure all conditions are identical apart from temperature in each test, we kept the size of the photographic film to exactly 4mm squared. We also ensured that all tubes were given 10 minutes to acclimatise to the appropriate temperature. This is discussed later in detail. The temperature, the main variable we will be controlling, we have decided to test the trypsin at 0 degrees, 20 degrees, 40 degrees, 60 degrees and 80 degrees. We decided to choose this range, as it should provide a large spectrum of results, and are at the same time not too far apart in temperature, so we can hypothesise what results between them will be once we have our set of results. We made the temperatures precise by using water baths set to exactly the correct temperature, or an icebox at exactly 0 degrees. We also used a thermometer to ensure the temperatures were correct just before starting the experiment. Before beginning, we ensured the area was safe by wearing safety goggles and clearing the nearby area of books or obstacles. We placed 10 test tubes in the test tube rack. 5 were control tubes, so we added exactly 3ml of water to each of the 5. We then added 3ml of trypsin solution to the other 5. We inserted the photographic film squares, of 2mm squared in size, into each of the 10 splints. There were two tubes, one control and one test, at each temperature. We placed two test tubes, one filled with water, the other filled with trypsin, in the icebox. We placed two in a rack to stay at room temperature. Two were placed in the 40-degree water bath, two in 60 degree water bath, and two in the 80-degree water bath. Each one was allowed to acclimatise to the appropriate temperature in its water bath/environment for 10 minutes. This also ensured that the trypsin would denature if it were at too high a temperature, discussed in detail later. Stopwatches were started at the point when the splints were placed into the tube. Every 10 seconds the film would be examined. The timer was stopped only when the film was clear, so that all the film had to reach the same stage (eliminating the possibility of human error as to judging when the enzyme has completed its job). We then recorded all our results in a table, as shown below the Fair Test Section. Finally, we all washed our hands to ensure any trypsin on them was washed off. Fair Test Ensuring that the experiment was a fair test was one of the most important parts of the experiment; if each test were not fair, then the results would be incorrect. The first thing we had to be sure of was that we did not contaminate the trypsin with dirt or bacteria that may have been on our fingers, as this may have affected the rate at which the enzyme works. We also made sure that all the test tubes reached their correct temperature and were allowed to acclimatise for 10 minutes. This is important for two reasons, the first being that if we did not ensure the test tube was at the correct temperature, then the results would not be a correct reflection of what we had hoped to achieve. Also, it is important to remember that at high temperatures, enzymes work at accelerated speeds for short periods of time before denaturing (when the enzymes lose their key shape so they cannot fit in the lock of the substrate), whereby they are useless. We can see this in commercial industry, where enzymes are used at extremely high temperatures when they work very quickly, and then denature and are removed for another batch of enzymes to work. It is also important we keep pH constant, as if the pH changes, the bonding of the enzyme would change, causing it to lose its active site. This could affect the results and therefore our final conclusion, so we used buffer to regulate the pH. We also decided to keep the photographic film size at exactly 2mm squared. If photographic film were at different sizes, then in some test tubes the trypsin would have to work for longer to break down the larger piece of photographic film, hence increasing the result time and making the test unfair. To ensure complete accuracy, we checked our stopwatch every ten seconds instead of twenty or longer, so that we could pinpoint exactly when the photographic film had become transparent.

Embrasser (to Embrace) French Verb Conjugations

Embrasser (to Embrace) French Verb Conjugations The French verb  embrasser  means to embrace or to kiss. Its resemblance to English makes it an easy one to remember and its an essential part of your French love vocabulary. When you want to say embraced or kissing, a verb conjugation is required. A quick French lesson will show you how thats done. Conjugating the French Verb  Embrasser Embrasser  is a  regular -ER verb  and it follows a very common verb conjugation pattern. The infinitive endings are just like those for similar verbs such as  admirer  (to admire),  adorer  (to adore), and countless others. This makes learning each new verb just a little easier than the last. When conjugating, we must first recognize the verb stem. In the case of  embrasser, that is  embrass-. To this, the various endings are added to match the present, future, or imperfect past tense. Yet, in French, we must also take into account the subject pronoun. For instance, I embrace is jembrasse and we will kiss is nous emrasserons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' embrasse embrasserai embrassais tu embrasses embrasseras embrassais il embrasse embrassera embrassait nous embrassons embrasserons embrassions vous embrassez embrasserez embrassiez ils embrassent embrasseront embrassaient The Present Participle of Embrasser The  present participle  of  embrasser  is formed by adding -ant  to the verb stem to give us  embrassant.  This is rather useful as it is not only a verb, but can act as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © A  common way to express the past tense in French is the  passà © composà ©. To construct it, you must conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to fit the subject pronoun, then attach the  past participle  embrassà ©. For example, I embraced is jai embrassà © and we kissed is nous avons embrassà ©. Notice how the past participle remains the same and that  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir. More Simple Embrasser  Conjugations Among the simplest conjugations of  embrasser, French students should focus on the present, future, and past tenses at first. When youre ready, add these verb forms to your vocabulary as well. When the verbs action has some degree of uncertainty or dependency, use either the subjunctive or the conditional verb mood. In writing, the passà © simple or imperfect subjunctive may be used. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' embrasse embrasserais embrassai embrassasse tu embrasses embrasserais embrassas embrassasses il embrasse embrasserait embrassa embrassà ¢t nous embrassions embrasserions embrassà ¢mes embrassassions vous embrassiez embrasseriez embrassà ¢tes embrassassiez ils embrassent embrasseraient embrassà ¨rent embrassassent ​To express  embrasser  in a direct command or request, the imperative verb form is used. In this case, the subject pronoun is not required. Keep it short and sweet with embrasse rather than tu embrasse. Imperative (tu) embrasse (nous) embrassons (vous) embrassez

CSR Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CSR - Assignment Example The first element of CSR which is about people regards the social issues of Corporate Social Responsibility (Clapp and Rowlands, 2014). They include health and safety of the clients consuming the company’s products, the safety of the local people from the gaseous emissions of the company, workplace conditions for the employees and provision of a fair level of leisure for the human resource of the company. The planet element of Corporate Social Responsibility regards the environmental issues. Issues under focus in this case is for instance pollution through noise from the production process of the company, congestion, climate change caused by the gaseous emissions of the company, management of the company’s waste products, recycling and the use of alternative sources of energy like solar and wind. Businesses run for the only reason of making the profit. The Corporate Social Responsibility element of profit regards the companys role in making profits and increasing the value of the shareholders investments (Clapp and Rowlands, 2014). The blueprints that a company should focus on in order to best deal with the element of profit include the financial performance of the company, better investment decisions, human capital improvement, building business relationships and networks and the government subsidies. Conviction refers to the case where the company does what it feels is generally accepted as ethical and right and voluntarily contributes to the local community by doing philanthropic projects (Clapp and Rowlands, 2014). Examples of Corporate Social Responsibility activities that fall under the zone of conviction include building bridges, sponsoring schools and starting foundations to fund the education of the needy children in the local community. Corporate Social Responsibility activities that fall under the compliance zone are those that enhance the company’s compliance with the law and the various requirements of external regulations. Such

Relationship between Terrorism and Religion Essay

Relationship between Terrorism and Religion - Essay Example Principally, this ideologically has driven our world since the twentieth century, and it is now making way to the twenty-first century. Also, now it appears to have settled in people in a more ‘religious accommodating’ manner. The final years of the twentieth century, in fact, already underwent an exceptional resurgence of historical religions in numerous parts of the globe, comprising the former USSR, Eastern/Central Europe, as well as China. It is not restricted to only the rebirth of historical religions or faiths, but also extended to the surfacing of neo-religious groups such as the New Age spirituality, as well as the surge of faithfully based experiences and practices ranging from medicine to meditation. These movements have made their way into societies and communities all through the globe where definite levels of freedom for spiritual and religious groups are present. Religious values and views play a significant role in the lives of individuals as they cope wi th issues affecting their communities. Religions educate people concerning ultimate views on believers’ lives. They also offer a core vision for people’s lives, which habitually shades its followers’ socio-political hopes, behaviors and engagements. Therefore, the significance of religion to terrorism cannot be overlooked. This paper will focus on the relationship between terrorism and religion based on what these three authors say in their writings: Brigitte Nacos, Martha Crenshaw and Richard Connerney. These articles are â€Å"The Making of Terrorists: Causes, Conditions, Influences;† â€Å"The Logic of Terrorism;† and â€Å"Islam† respectively.... The author also touches on the new-fangled and past/historical trends of terrorism. Extensively discussing the subject â€Å"What is terrorism?,† the author, a celebrated expert in this field, visibly discusses and explains terrorism’s numerous causes, strategies and actors, as well as counter- and anti-terrorist responses. This article, in addition, outstandingly examines terrorism’s relationship with religion, the public and the media. Highly readable and also comprehensive, â€Å"The Making of Terrorists: Causes, Conditions, Influences† introduces the readers to significant concepts and theories in the study of terrorism with its relation to religion and political turmoil. It also helps them challenge presumptions of this vital, as well as complex issue. Any macro level matter, according to Nacos (61), cannot be tackled without being receptive to realities of religion experienced by humans. Whether the hope of humanity will be formed by the ‘clash of ignorance,’ the ‘clash of societies,’ the clash of religions/faiths and traditions, or conflicts between the ‘West and the rest’ is difficult to predict. It might be an amalgamation of a number of the above because they are all intricately related (Nacos 61). Also, it might be caused by the surfacing of previously unclear issues or problems of polarization. Nacos gives the instance of the 9/11 attacks where Muslim terrorists from the Middle East decided to attack the famous American Twin Towers. In the past, there has always been a religious conflict between the people of the Middle East and the Americans. This was the main reason that according to Nacos (62) led to the bombing of the American Twin Towers. Therefore, Nacos concluded in her article that a

Ikea Pestle And Strategic Options Analysis Marketing Essay

Ikea Pestle And Strategic Options Analysis Marketing Essay INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to conduct a SWOT and a PESTEL analysis of IKEA and summarise an assessments of IKEAs strategy and strategic options. IKEA, which was started in 1943, is the world largest furniture retailer. It offers a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at affordable prices. This enables as many people as possible to afford them. IKEAs focus throughout its existence has been to make and provide good products at low prices to customers. Thus, it has with time developed methods that are both cost-effective and innovative. SWOT ANALYSIS According to Kourdi (2009), an analysis of the companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats is a good tool for gathering information on the strategic position of the business. He explains that strengths and weaknesses are found within the internal environment of the organisation while opportunities and threats are usually found from the external environment within which the business operates. Strengths IKEA provides other amenities in their stores these include playrooms for children, ample parking space and restaurants and Swedish cafà ©s. This attracts customers who care about parking and who have children. The children can be left playing at the play zone while the parents do the shopping. IKEA designs its own furniture. This makes the business become innovative in designs and also assures customers of the same range of furniture and quality all over the world. Long-lasting relationships with selected key suppliers are a major strength of IKEAs purchasing and product development strategy. This is because IKEA is directly involved only in conceiving, distributing, and selling its products Designing products so that they can be packed flat and assembled by our customers greatly reduces IKEAs cost. This means IKEA can ship more items in one truck, less storage space is required, labour costs are educed and transport damages are avoided. For the customer, this means lower priced products and easy transportation home. Weaknesses Scandinavian design and style is not everyones preference. IKEA needs to diversify on its product design to appeal to other conservative markets in the world. For example, customising some products and amenities like restaurants to oriental markets in a place like China or Hong Kong , Arabic ones for the middle-east or even African products for the African market (when it ventures to Africa) will appeal more to another market segment of traditionalists or very patriotic citizens of these regions Since IKEA does not own any transport facilities, its supply and distribution network is physically connected through external actors and thousands of logistic partners. Coordinating and connecting this complex network it had adopted needs a lot of concentration and very advances monitoring system, in addition, IKEA does not unilaterally control and most of the logistic relationships Opportunities There is the potential to expand to other areas where IKEA has no stores due to its international fame, strong globally recognised brand and growing demand for its products. These untapped markets include South America and Africa. IKEA recycles materials in its aim to grow organically. IKEAs website states that There is a true business potential for IKEA in providing solutions that enable customers to live a more sustainable life at home. IKEA is developing effective solutions for customers in order to support them recycling or reusing used products, aiming at no products ending up at landfill and the recycled materials used in producing new IKEA products.  [1]   Threats IKEA delegates much responsibility to its competent partners. These are normally either those who have long been in charge of manufacturing a certain product, or those who have specific technical competences. This provides a difficulty in controlling and maintaining standards. Due to this, IKEAs competences and organizational structure need to keep on being re-visited and modified to fit specific partners and interaction processes and networks Like any other business, Competition from low end general discount retailers such as Wal-Mart, office supply stores such as Office Depot, and discount warehouses such as Costco. Wal-Mart is the worlds number one retailer. These general merchandise retailers tend to aggressively promote their furniture products on the basis of price as well. Another threat is the high-end specialty retailers who normally offer luxurious store environments designed to appeal to people looking for feelings of affluence, high class, ostentation prosperity, and comfort. These retailers also offer various payment options and easy credit to make it easier for shoppers to commit to a more items or costly products. PESTLE ANALYSIS PESTLE is a tool that is used to analyse the macro-environment in which an organisation exists. It is an acronym that stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors. PESTLE analysis generates information that helps senior managers when strategising and when formulating strategic plans and policies Morrison (2008) argues that PESTLE analysis can also be used as a framework for looking outside the organisation to hypothesise what may or may not happen. It is a useful framework to use to ensure that some of the basic factors are not overlooked or ignored. Used in a similar way to that of business planning  [2]   Political environment This includes issues to do with government policies on taxation, tariffs and trade restrictions. It also encompasses employment laws and the activities and involvement of trade unions. Political stability of the environment is also important. IKEAs political environment is favourable. In Europe and America, the political systems have developed over long time providing a very stable environment. IKEA does not operate in Africa where most nations are not politically stable Economic Factors IKEA like most businesses in Europe and America is currently operating in global economic recession. In most countries, there has been slow economic growth for the last two years. Other economic factors are typical to each country and have to with inflation rates, interest rates, wage rates and minimum wage legislations. Sociological factors Markets where IKEA operates are faced with changing social trends. For example there are now fewer first time buyers in the housing market which is mainly due to hard economic times. Thus there may be a deceleration in the markets growth rate. According to echeat.com, many people associate Sweden with a fresh healthy way of life.  [3]  This Swedish lifestyle is reflected in the IKEA product range. The freshness of the open air is reflected in the colours and materials used and the sense of space they create by using blond-coloured woods, untreated surfaces and natural textiles. IKEA has also developed a very comprehensive corporate social responsibility program. IKEAs social responsibility policy gives a provision for humanitarian donations and support to various charities such as the World Wildlife Fund, UNICEF and Save the Children fund. Technology IKEA has embraced technology as a business tool. It has an up to date website from which customers can view online catalogues, check for stock availability before going to the store, order online and even correspond with the customer service team. As technology evolves, IKEA will perpetually keep on updating and upgrading its technology to keep pace with its global networks ranging from network relationships with supplier to those with distributors. Legal IKEA is a global business. This means that it is affected by many laws and legislations in all the different countries. This poses a threat where IKEA may be unable to control standards and/or quality in some jurisdictions where IKEA products are where there are no regulations to control working conditions. Environment Since it was founded IKEA has been sensitive to the environment which leads it in making better use of both raw materials and energy. This keeps costs down and helps the company to reach its green targets and have an overall positive impact on the environment SUMMARY ON IKEAS STRATEGY AND STRATEGIC OPTIONS IKEA can create more opportunities and tackle threats by strategic planning whist taking advantage of its strengths and working on its weaknesses. In the case study IKEA Invades America, IKEAs strategy is to have market dominance and market leadership as far as house furnishings are concerned. It can do so by assess its external and competitive environment Low-prices for it products is the main IKEAs strategy that makes customers want to buy from IKEA. This low price strategy is coupled with a wide range of well designed products. IKEAs products cater for every lifestyle and life stage of its customers, who come from all age groups and types of households. This diversity in the niche market is increases IKEAs potential market. In the case study Strategy in Industrial Networks: Experiences from IKEA by E. Baraldi, Industrial networks and business relationships play key roles for the strategy of IKEA. It should therefore continue to work with suppliers who take responsibility for people and the environment and who want to grow and develop with IKEAs growth. As part of its continuous work to improve conditions in the supply chain, IKEA has implemented a revised code of conduct, IWAY, and joined an industry collaboration exploring the possibility of developing global supply chain standards (IKEA sustainability report 2009: 13) Sustainability needs to be a part of the IKEA business strategy, and must therefore be integrated into each and every one of IKEAs business strategies, and in its product range (IKEA sustainability report 2009: 8). IKEA will need to lead developments with innovation and technical know-how and be transparent to its stakeholders. IKEAs products, processes and systems should continue demonstrating responsibility for people and the environment.

Alternative Scenarios/Future Analysis & Delphi Technique

The way word ‘dynamic’ has qualified itself, to describe current affairs, implies that future is getting more uncertain now. Radical changes in the past have made present more autonomous; and future more unpredictable. Need to understand and define the future have made it more demanding for the analysts to outline different trends curtailing to specific events, wonder what might happen next, and make strategies to control the future. Before stepping into the world ‘about to come’, it is important to understand that future is not prediction, there’s nothing rationale known about future, and tomorrow would not be like today.Studying future needs a systematic approach that involves identification of past trends, study of current scenarios, and exploring possible alternatives, given possible scenarios. Alternative Future Alternative future analysis is critically an assessment approach that provides large scale long term perspective of a problem that could be divided into different alternative, each curtailing to any one sub-perspective. It helps translate different visions and goals into alternatives, which could be assessed by the experts/analysts. It provides the policy makers with a ‘vision’ to follow, in case any scenario/alternative is realized.As all these alternatives are critically evaluated socio-economically, ecologically and rationally, chances of their sustenance is far better than many other future predicting techniques. There are two main ways the alternative future analysis process operates (Steinitz 2003 and Theobald & Hobbs 2002). Firstly, it is the formation of numerous alternative plans, assessing their consequences, and then following the most desirable one. It involves geometrical, pre-dominant and political interests of people. This approach is simple, but, simplicity is also a limitation (Steinitz 2003).Secondly, it is the identification of ‘most’ important issues, pertaining to polic y and decision making. Concluded scenario reflects the inputs of different people, reflected from the choices made for it (Steinitz 2003). Scenario Analysis Scenario analysis is a strategic tool, designed impeccably to design strategies, based on multiple outcomes or complex competitive situations (Sandmore, 2005). Selection of scenarios/outcomes is based upon the probabilities assigned to them, in response to values attained from different related factors. These responses help analysts develop contingency plan that covers many different possibilities.Moreover, they can identify potential threats, and can evaluate current strategy, working under the similar model. The analysis starts with the assumption that some future state has been achieved; now the work starts backwards. It helps identify all those factors and their probable affect, until a ‘base case’ is prepared. Now those variables are altered to consider the changes in the output. So it gives analysts more contr ol over the variables, and helps decision makers identify different variables, with respect to their impact and urgency. It is important to understand that it does not predict future, it just gives a possibility.Its success is very much dependent upon the level of details or factors involved are identified by the analysts, and how correctly they have related those factors to the scenario. Those factors could be political, technological, economical or social in nature. It also helps analysts understand different scenarios, and make best use of it by controlling most effective variable. Consequently, it increases the decision making time, that could result in change of some factors or scenarios over time. Moreover, external impacts could not be controlled, and their happening is not easily predictable.It also increases the chances of errors, and questions the dependability of analysis. Delphi Technique Derived from a Greek’s oracle, Delphi is the best known qualitative, structu red and indirect future prediction method in use today (Woudenberg, 1991). It consists of a sequence of steps adopted for provoking and refining opinions of different experts (Brown, 1968). This technique was adopted by multiple disciplines and each altered it to its use; hence we have three different techniques in use today. Conventional Delphi is used for forecasting and estimating unknown parameters up to a level of consensus.Policy Delphi is used to generate most opposite ideas or opinions to identify the two extremes (Bjil, 1992). Decision Delphi, on the other hand, is utilized to reach decisions amongst experts, with all contributing in the solution. While following Delphi approach, firstly, all the participants are informed, informally, about issues to be discussed. Secondly, a questionnaire regarding issue is distributed. This part includes great involvement of monitoring team, as this must elicit convergent and divergent points. Thirdly, more questionnaires are distributed, each with the knowledge about the previous one.This helps them refine their opinions, and could mold the respondents’ answers to a particular direction. It is repeated, until and unless a final consensus is achieved. Finally, the coordinating team pulls together all the responses and consensus into a final report (Masini, 1993). The most unfortunate development in the end of nineteenth century was the formation of Al-Qaida that has threatened most of the developed economies, especially United States of America and United Kingdom. In 1998, Osama Bin Laden, the leader of Al-Qaida, announced that his league will be in pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).Since then, many American and European countries have put hands together to fight against the increasing influence of these terrorists. After the most drastic terrorist attack of 9/11, US forces, in support of many European forces, attacked Afghanistan, the biggest suspect of Al-Qaida home-base. Later, in 2003, US force s invaded Iraq. Here the culprit was Saddam Hussein, who was declared an agent of Al-Qaida. Since then, North Korea, Iraq, Syria and Pakistan have been the targets of US in its war against terrorism. This war, one way or the other, is weakening both Al-Qaida and US economy.In retaliation to US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, Al-Qaida’s race to get hold of WMD have intensified. What this war has in stored for our future is a big question mark for us. To understand what different experts have to say about it, a project is initiated, in which diplomats, critics, politicians, journalists and policy makers will be surveyed, using Delphi technique. First of all, through emails, letters and visitors, all these participants will be selected, based upon their availability, level of involvement in current affairs, especially war against terrorism, critical insight and reputation amongst the colleagues.Once their participation will be confirmed, all of them will be officially communic ated about the issue to be discussed, which is the sensitivity of WMD, and possible targets of Al-Qaida attacks in US. Major research will carry around: the importance of WMD; whether or not Al-Qaida has one of it; possible target of Al-Qaida’s attacks in US; security levels in US; and response of US nation towards US policy of war against terrorism. Major assumptions will be taken based on the trend analysis, by monitoring team.Major targets will be nominated based upon following factors: Location (geographically and strategically); Importance (economic and defense); Security (national and nominal); Population (distribution and class); Impact (economically and socially); and Urgency. These factors will further be classified based upon the response from the experts. All the participants will be allowed to make any assumptions, which should be communicated before the submission of questionnaire. Major questions for the first round will be: 1. Is Al-Qaida a threat to US, or a t icket to failing states?2. Are Weapons of Mass Destruction in safe hands? 3. Does Al-Qaida have Weapons of Mass Destruction? 4. Are Al-Qaida attacks consequences of US policies? 5. What could be the purpose of Al-Qaida’s attack in US? 6. Can US sustain Al-Qaida’s attacks? 7. What could be the possible target of Al-Qaida? 8. Is US national strong enough to stop Al-Qaida’s attack? 9. How concern is US nation about terrorism? 10. Is Al-Qaida making its roots in Americans? References Bjil R (1992). â€Å"Delphi in a future scenario study on mental health and mental health care† in Futures Vol 24, No 3, pp 232-250Brown B (1968). Delphi Process: A Methodology Used for the Elicitation of Opinions of Experts Santa Monica: The RAND Corporation Foreign Policy (2010, January 25th). Al-Qaida’s pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction. August 9, 2010, from http://www. foreignpolicy. com/articles/2010/01/25/al_qaedas_pursuit_of_weapons_of_mass_destruction Masini, E (1993). Why Futures Studies? London: Grey Seal Steinitz, Carl (2003) Alternative futures for changing landscapes. USA: Island Press Woudenberg F (1991). â€Å"An Evaluation of Delphi† in Technological Forecasting and Social Change Vol 40, pp 131-150

How Reading Helps Writing College Papers of Any Complexity

Reading and writing are interconnected. They mimic and support each other and these two skills need to be practiced together for academic success. If you want to improve your writing, reading will help you do it. What’s more, science and research back up this claim. Here’s exactly why you should start reading more, and how it is connected with writing. Learn by Example Monkey see monkey do. Reading various stories and texts will expose you to many different writing styles, tone, and fluidity. Great writing is wonderful to try and emulate in your own way, but keep in mind that it takes the time to develop excellent writing skills. You won’t just read one or two fabulous texts and start producing masterpieces. Even poorly written papers, books, and entries will teach you something. They will set the example for what not to do, which is very useful. No matter what, reading will widely help you cultivate your own style of writing. Increase Your Vocabulary Just as reading exposes you to different ways of writing, it will also expose you to new words, plus ways to use words that you already know. Increasing your vocabulary will help with your writing because you will have a varied way to express yourself. It also makes your writing sound more educated and authoritative. Gain Prior Knowledge It’s well known that reading opens up a whole new world. There is so much to explore through text that is both fiction and nonfiction. By reading, when you go to write, you will have some background knowledge on certain subjects because you have read about them. You can use this for inspiration and to make your writing better. Get the Mechanics Down Reading shows you a lot about style, vocabulary, and different subjects. All of these things are useful when writing. What reading also shows you is how to use the tools necessary to write a complete paper. These include punctuation marks, phrases, and grammar; everything that is important and hard to master. You don’t need to specifically study what an author is doing to reap the benefits (although you can if you want to!) of starting or continuing to learn mechanics. Just by making yourself a little more aware of them will be enough. Making Sense of It All Although the connection between reading and writing may not be difficult to see, it’s hard to say which one helps the other. The main idea is that they both help each other: reading helps writing, and writing helps reading. It’s much like the old question of which came first the chicken or the egg? Here we have mainly focused on the effect of reading on writing, and the research and annotated observations have shown us that it is a great one. So what are you waiting for? Pick up the next book you see, and the one after that, and you will see your writing going up, and up, and up.